In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, they were also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in northern Africa. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. Hamilcar had at least three daughters and at least three sons. America's Black dilemma [Barca, Hamilcar] on Amazon.com. In 239 BCE a mercenary force took control of Sardinia and then defeated a Carthaginian army sent to re-take the island. The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. Early life Hamilcar's first priority, probably, was to ensure that the war indemnity was paid regularly so the Romans had no excuse to interfere in Carthaginian affairs. Carthage would pay 2,200 silver talents in 10 year installments, and 1,000 talents immediately; a total of 3,200 talents as war reparations. Hamilcar Barca was blamed by the Carthaginian Leaders for causing the Mercenary War by making unrealistic promises to his soldiers, especially the Celts, during his command in Sicily. The riches from these campaigns were channelled back to Carthage. So he did. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Hamilcar Barca (ca. We have coins which are apparently presenting the image of Hamilcar (Hannibal's Father) and Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother.) It is also possible that he had hoped to establish a future war chest with Spanish silver. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, Hamilcar allied with Hasdrubal the Fair,[80] his future son in law, to restrict the power of the aristocracy, which was led by Hanno the Great,[81] as well as gain immunity from prosecution. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. The new joiners were armed with equipment captured from the rebels. Carthage at this time was feeling the strain of the prolonged conflict. He fights with a sword and shield, which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex, or Samnite. Hanno the Great was given command of the Punic army, which was raised from Carthaginian citizens and mercenaries recruited from abroad, plus cavalry squadrons and 100 elephants. Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC. World History Encyclopedia. Since the coin was found near Lake Trasimene where Hannibal defeated the Romans, this fact offers good confirmation that coins image resembled Hannibals real ethnic appearance because one of way of celebrating a victory in ancient warfare was to have a coin minted in your honor and showing yourself as your enemys deity. Having secured control over the mines, and the river routes of Guadalquiver and Guadalete giving access to the mining area, Gades began to mint silver coins from 237 BC. The seeds of that conflict, called Hannibals War even in antiquity, were sown by Hamilcars unforgiving and unyielding spirit against Rome and passed on to his sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and Mago. xxiv. Hamilcar, on his own responsibility and without the consent of the Carthaginian government,[85] ferried the army across to Gades to start an expedition into Hispania (236 BC), where he hoped to gain a new empire to compensate Carthage for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. Finally, with the fall of the rebel capital in 237 BCE, Hippacra and Utica back on the Carthaginian side, and Libya now compliant, Carthage had regained control of its African empire. Hey, this is another piece I wrote, this time a mini biography. The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome. Sicily had been the principal battleground but had yet to see a decisive victory for either side. Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (c. 275 - 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. When the rebel leaders agreed to the terms, Hamilcar detained the rebel delegation. During the Second Punic War, Hannibal inflicted crushing defeats on Roman armies, particularly in the battle of Cannae where 70,000 Romans died following the engagement. According to Appian, Hamilcar was thrown from his horse and drowned in a river,[116] but Polybius says he fell in battle in an unknown corner of Iberia against an unnamed tribe. Hamilcar had managed to persuade the Numidian prince Naravas to defect with his cavalry force to the Carthaginian side, lured by the promise of Hamilcar's daughter for his wife. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. Although the Carthaginians were a mixed population, the Carthaginian military was dominated by Numidians, which was a mixture of a black Africans, Nubians, and Berber extract that lived among the Carthaginians and who were prevalent in Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and elsewhere throughout North Africa. Hamilcar had three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago, who were all to have distinguished military careers. Hamilcar Barca Conquers Iberia Hamilcar Barca had received much of the blame for causing the Truceless War, owing to the unrealistic promises he made to his troops while leading Carthaginian forces in Sicily. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 01 June 2016. [106] Hamilcar now had the means to pay for his mercenary army and also to ship silver ore to Carthage to help pay off the war indemnity. [112] It is possible that Hamilcar died battling the Vettoni, who lived across the Tagus west of Toledo and to the north of Turduli and northwest of Oretani territory. 275-228 BC. [36] The better-trained Roman fleet[37] defeated a hastily raised, undermanned and ill-trained Punic fleet at battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, cutting Sicily off from Carthage. Home Team History on Should Black Me. He distinguished himself during the First Punic War in 247, when he took over the chief command in Sicily, which at . Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [39], This treaty replaced all previous treaties between the two powers. Carthage often hauled defeated generals and admirals before the Tribunal of 100 and had them crucified, so Hamilcar probably distanced himself from the possibility of prosecution if the Roman terms turned out to be harsh enough for Carthaginian authorities to seek a scapegoat. [99] Iberian and Celtiberian tribes were not under any unified leadership at this time and were warlike, although some had absorbed varying degrees of Greek and Punic cultural influence. Boston, Massachusetts, United States - April 20, 2013: Boston Harbor. The Carthaginians destroyed the rebel army, after which the Libyan towns submitted to Carthage. [18] With a small force and no money to hire new troops, Hamilcar's strategic goal probably was to maintain a stalemate, as he had neither the resources to win the war nor the authority to peacefully settle it. Hamilcar obtained permission from the Carthaginian Senate for recruiting and training a new army, with the immediate goal of securing the African domain of Carthage. The daylight outside was beginning to strike on the folding shutters of black lattice-work. [57] As the two rebel forces came into clear sight the Carthaginians wheeled, and marched away. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. [55] Hamilcar observed that wind blowing from a certain direction uncovered a sandbar at the river mouth that was fordable and, under cover of night, the Punic army left Carthage and crossed the river. Valens reckless failure in diplomacy and battle with the goths sent the Western Roman empire down the path to hell. [67] The rebel army was slaughtered, with the elephants trampling most to death. [43], Lutatius did not have the authority to ratify the agreement he made with Hamilcar, so he forwarded them to the Comitia Centuriata in Rome. Hamilcar stood out far above the Carthaginians of his age in military and diplomatic skill and in strength of patriotism; in these qualities he was surpassed only by his son Hannibal, whom he may have imbued with his own deep suspicion of Rome and trained to be his successor in the conflict. Hamilcar simply replied that he was fighting to gather enough booty to pay off the war indemnity. By winter of 240 BC, the situation had improved for Carthage. By this time he had three daughters, and his son Hannibal was born during the same year. He is responsible for designing and . Rome, which had dealt with Carthage with all due honor and courtesy during the crisis, going as far as to release all Punic prisoners without ransom and refuse to accept offers from Utica and Rebels mercenaries based in Sardinia to incorporate these territories into the Roman domain, seized Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay 1,200 talents for her initial refusal to renounce her claim over the islands. Hamilcar died in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River while besieging a place called Helice and trying to escape from a Celtiberian army. By 247, when Hamilcar took charge in Sicily, Carthage had lost to Rome all of its Sicilian possessions except Lilybaeum (now Marsala) and Drepanum (now Trapani). He makes his first appearance when the series' events shift to Relic's Point, overseeing the research and . Deprived of leadership, and unaware of the pact, the mercenaries suspected treachery; the Libyans were the first to attack Hamilcar's positions. "Hamilcar Barca." 285-c. 229 B.C.) He replaced Carthalo, who had not been altogether unsuccessful, as the commander of the Carthaginian fleet. "Hamilcar Barca." The carbon dating of the coin is 217 BCE. After weeks of maneuvering, Hamilcar finally managed to trap about 40,000 rebels in a valley surrounded on three sides by mountains.[66]. Long-time rivals Hamilcar and Hanno could not agree on the best strategy and eventually the army was permitted to choose which general should lead them. Hamilcar is the latinization of Hamlkas (Greek: ), the hellenized form of the common Semitic Phoenician-Carthaginian masculine given name MLK (Punic: )[1][2] or MLQRT (),[citation needed] meaning "Melqart's brother". Carthage sent a mercenary force under Hanno to retake the island in 239 BC, but this group also rebelled, killing Hanno and their Carthaginian officers and joining the rebels in Sardinia. The war, which had started in 264 BC, continued after the Romans abandoned Africa; however, neither side gained a decisive advantage until 249 BC. The traditional historiography up to the 80's interpreted the Carthaginian policy on the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the VI century BC as basically one of imperial domination directed at replacing the Phoenician presence by direct Carthaginian control. In the process, Hamilcar created a professional army of Iberians, Africans, Numidians and other mercenaries that Hasdrubal the Fair would inherit and Hannibal would later lead across the Alps to immortality. Epist. Hamilcar Barca "Carthaginian general, led forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War. However, the Carthaginian authorities waited until the whole army had gathered at Carthage, probably by the summer of 241 BC. Cite This Work The cavalry and light infantry were in the middle, while the heavy infantry was posted furthest from the rebel army.[61]. Hamilcar Barca: The Life and Legacy of the Legendary Carthaginian General Kindle Edition by Charles River Editors (Author) Format: Kindle Edition 5 ratings See all formats and editions Kindle $0.00 Read with Kindle Unlimited to also enjoy access to over 3 million more titles $3.99 to buy Paperback $8.99 1 Used from $10.20 4 New from $8.99 Carthage will ransom all Punic prisoners, while all Roman prisoners would be freed without payment of ransom. The Turdetani surrendered. With a reduced army and fleet, Hamilcar commenced his operations. Hannibal Barca was one of the great generals of ancient times. There is no clear record of the political activity in Carthage at this time. [53] Hanno posted his army near Hippo Acra, where Matho's army was besieging the town. They chose Hamilcar. J.-C. avant de retourner l'tranger, o il russit tendre les intrts carthaginois dans le sud de l'Espagne. Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily and he joined Hanno the Great, who had made significant conquests in Libya while Hamilcar had been in Sicily, to quash the rebellion. He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. Hamilcar crucified Spendius and other rebel hostages outside Tunis to terrorize Matho, but this backfired when the rebels were able to surprise and defeat Hannibal's army due to their lax discipline. Hamilcar then returned to Africa, where his mercenary troops, long unpaid, revolted in what is known as the Mercenaries War (or Truceless War). The Iberian army fled before the battle was joined. [41] Lutatius did not press the issue further, and the Carthaginian soldiers were later allowed to leave Sicily under arms with their honor intact,[42] and without any token of submission a rare gesture granted by the Romans to a defeated enemy. Hamilcar Barca ( #89-A-8926 ) < Previous Employment Profile Next Employment Profile > Employment; Skills. Hamilcar Barca (c. 285 - c. 228 av. Shop paperbacks, eBooks, and more! The coins do not resemble each other. One of coins found in Italy, near the battle site of Lake Trasimene where Hannibals Carthaginian Army defeated the Romans, shows an African man on one side with the characteristic strong African features such as curly hair, thick lips, and full nose; on the coins opposite side shows an elephant. Heavy infantry formed the rearguard, and the whole army marched in a single file in battle formation. Livy states Hanno son of Hamilcar in 204 BC left Carthage with 4,000 cavalry and never came back. [19] Hamilcar was in command of a mercenary army composed of multiple nationalities and his ability to successfully lead this force demonstrates his skill as field commander. was a great Carthaginian general and statesman in the First Punic War who firmly established Carthaginian rule in Spain. His second was to implement his strategy for preparing Carthage for any future conflict with Rome,[82] or enable Carthage to defend itself against any aggression.[83]. The rebels requested Rome to take over Sardinia, which was turned down. Hamilcar spent nine years in Spain. [121] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere supposition. The Carthaginian state was led by the landed aristocracy at the time, and they preferred to expand across northern Africa instead of pursuing an aggressive policy in Sicily. [65] Using tactics later made famous by Q. Fabius against Hannibal, Hamilcar's eldest son, the rebels shadowed Hamilcar's army, while moving south, harassing his soldiers and keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry. In fact, when we were filing this paper's 'Bush Telegraph' column from safari camps all over . Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Legend tells that he founded the port of Barcino (deriving its name from the Barca family), which was later adopted and used by the Roman Empire and is, today, the city of Barcelona. Iberia would also serve as a base for any future conflicts against the Romans which would be independent of political interference from Carthage, and the campaigns would enhance the reputation of Hamilcar Barca. Punic Mercenaries stationed in Sardinia had rebelled in 239 BC, besieged Boaster and all Carthaginians in a citadel and later executed them after the fort fell. With Hannibal and son-in-law Hasdrubal (the Handsome), he and an army of elephants and Phoenician and Numidian troops battled Iberian tribes, founded the city of Akra Leuke (modern Alicante), acquired huge quantities of Spanish silver bullion, and solidified new political and military alliances. Four years of constant campaigns, details of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao. [110] Massalia, probably alarmed by the Carthaginian advance towards their area of influence, mentioned this expansion to the Romans, who decided to investigate the matter. Hamilcar Barca. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Hamilcar Barca ( c. 270 -228 BC) served as a Carthaginian general during and after the First Punic War. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian expedition to Spain in 237BC, and for eight years expanded the territory of Carthage in Spain before dying in battle in 228 BC. The Roman Republic was nearly bankrupt and had to borrow money from wealthy citizens to fund the construction of a fleet of 200 quinqueremes, which blockaded Carthaginian positions in Sicily in 242 BC by seizing the harbour of Drepana and anchorages at Lilybaeum, while Roman soldiers built siege works around Drepanum. Web. The Carthaginians had gained command of the sea after their victories in 249 BC, but they only held two cities in Sicily: Lilybaeum and Drepanum by the time Hamilcar took up command. In this war unbelievable atrocities were committed on both sides. i. p. 391; Auson. Hanno "The Great"[14] was in charge of operations in Africa since 248 BC and had conquered considerable territory by 241 BC. Hasdrubal defeated the rebels, killing 8,000 and taking 2,000 prisoners before returning to Iberia. Hamilcar Barca was a daring, intelligent young man. When Hannibal was 17 years old, however, his father was killed in an ambush in Spain, which was primarily under the rule of the North African empire. Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. [59] The modern historian Dexter Hoyos stresses that "[s]uch manoeuvres were about the simplest that any army could learn, once it mastered the absolute basics of marching in formation". Hippacra and Utica were both besieged, and Hanno was unable to free them. After lots of digging and research, it has been proven that the renowned Hannibal was African and Black. This position allowed Hamilcar to hold a mountain base and harass the rear of the Roman forces who were besieging Drepana and Lilybaeum, which were Carthage's last remaining strongholds on Sicily. Spendius and Matho were joined by a force commanded by a Libyan chief named Zarzas, and the 50,000 strong army under Spendius moved away from Carthage. He then landed on the north coast of Sicily, seizing Mt. While he may appear to be an old man, he is one of the most powerful of the Twelve Zoalords, the co-founder of Cronos and its leading scientist. The coin presented does not appear to favor the features of either. Barca was perhaps a family name, though more probably an epithet meaning lightning.. The actions of Hamilcar, and his immunity to defeat, plus the stalemate at the siege of Lilybaeum caused the Romans to start building a fleet in 243 BC to seek a decision at sea. The Carthaginians will evacuate all Sicily. [64] In response, Hamilcar began to harass the rebel supply lines and soon the rebels were placed in a state of siege. Hamilcar retired to Africa after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. But now the 20,000 man army had to be paid their full due. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. "Death Date: 229. Moored in the water, we can see a large . The soldiers refused to accept Hamilcar as an arbitrator, angered by his refusal to accompany his army from Sicily and retiring to Carthage as soon as the treaty with Rome was formalized, and although Carthage at this point conceded to all their demands, things soon boiled over and started the conflict known as the Mercenary War. 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